Barriers Of Communication

Generally there are two types of barrier in communication;

1) Physical Barriers
2) Psychological Barriers

Psychological barrier is further divided in following forms:
1) Semantic
2) Cultural
3) Limited experience
4) Rumor
5) Blind imitation

These types are defined as;

PHYSICAL BARRIERS:
        It is a type of barrier in which the message doesn’t reach the destination. These barriers are literacy for printed material of messages, absence of electricity, Non-Availability of television or radio. Sometimes there’s a channel noise interfering with the fidelity of the physical transmission of an intended message.

PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS:
         It is the type of the barrier in which the message does reach the destination but its meaning is misunderstood or misinterpreted. In one of these cases there are some psychological barriers between source and destination.

Further types are defined as;

Semantic:
         By semantic we mean the historical and psychological study and classification of changes in the significance of words or forms viewed as factors in linguistic development.

Cultural:
          The culture barrier plays a very vital role in marring the process of communication. In case a message, attitude or behavior is encoded in a peculiar medium of is highly possible to be misunderstood when decoded after it reach the destination, which doesn’t share the same medium of culture.

Limited Experience:
        Limited experience on the part of the source or the receiver results in the absences of providing desired effects and effective communication. This phenomenon is visible and is observed in the cultural gap between rural and urban people.

Rumor:
          Literally rumor means talk or opinion widely disseminated with no source or statement. Rumor has been described as a powerful barrier in a prospective process of communication.

Blind Imitation:
           Human beings are psychologically conditions by certain habits, prejudices and stereo type thinking which hinders the way of thinking. 
 

Download doc File HERE

Communication & its Process

Communication:
    “Communication is the process in which the message moves from source to the destination”

Process of Communication:
 Process of communication consists of following factors;
1) Source
2) Encoding
3) Message 
4) Channel
        Channel has further following types;
         1) Time consuming (Radio)
         2) Space covering (Printed martial)
         3) Combination of time consuming
              and space covering (TV & Internet)
5) Receiver
6) Decoding
7) Feedback

All these factors are defined as below;
Source:
 A person who speaks or writes is called source. It may be individual or group of people.

Encoding:
 The sender giving physical form to one’s idea is known as encoding.

Message:
 The encoded idea of the sender is called message. It transmits from source to destination.

Channel:
 It’s a medium which carries the message from the source to the receiver. There are three types of channels
                      Time consuming = Radio
                      Space covering = Printed Material
                      Both = TV & Internet

Receiver:
 The recipient of the message is called receiver.

Decoding:
 Decoding is the process of understanding the meaning of the message.

Feedback:
 The response of the receiver is called feedback. It completes the process of communication.

Download doc File HERE

Pascal's Triangle - An Overview!

HISTORY:

Pascal's triangle is a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. Pascal's Triangle is named after Blaise Pascal in much of the western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in India, Persia, China, and Italy.but Blaise Pascal was the first person to discover the importance of all of the patterns it contained.

CONSSTRUCTION:

At the tip of Pascal's Triangle is the number 1, which makes up the zeroth row. The first row (1 & 1) contains two 1's, both formed by adding the two numbers above them to the left and the right, in this case 1 and 0 (all numbers outside the Triangle are 0's). Do the same to create the 2nd row: 0+1=1; 1+1=2; 1+0=1. And the third: 0+1=1; 1+2=3; 2+1=3; 1+0=1. In this way, the rows of the triangle go on infinitly. A number in the triangle can also be found by nCr (n Choose r) where n is the number of the row and r is the element in that row. For example, in row 3, 1 is the zeroth element, 3 is element number 1, the next three is the 2nd element, and the last 1 is the 3rd element. The formula for nCr is:

n!/r!(n-r)!

Now you can easily search for the right code for C++, from Google. Hope this would help u in assignments.

Distinction Between Beliefs Attitudes And Values?

Beliefs are the assumptions we make about ourselves, about others in the world and about how we expect things to be. Beliefs are about how we think things really are. Beliefs tend to be deep set and our values stem from our beliefs

Values are about how we have learnt to think things ought to be or people ought to behave, especially in terms of qualities such as honesty, integrity and openness which when people are asked what are their values tend to be the main values.

Attitudes are the established ways of responding to people and situations that we have learned, based on the beliefs, values and assumptions we hold. How we respond to situation and our behaviour can reflect our attitude. However we can control our behaviour in away that does not reflect our beliefs and values. Which in order to embrace a diverse culture and behaviours as a successful manager we have to adapt out behaviour in a positive manner. 

"Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude"
                                                                                                             Thomas Jefferson

There is a difference between beliefs values and attitude however they are all linked. Our beliefs and values can have an impact on our attitude and behaviour. However we can use emotional intelligence to have a positive attitude and adjust our behaviour in situations.

For instance in my innovation report about the flu vaccination I am personally not convinced that the vaccination works which forms the basis of my beliefs and values. However in the work situation as I am responsible for the success of the programme I have positive attitude towards the vaccination programme to a point that I have the vaccination myself. I do not have a choice in being the lead for the vaccination programme which in a sense goes against Kotters 2nd step. However due to my positive attitude and me wanting the programme to be a success. Then whatever may happens, it would be a succuss. Thats how your positive atitude and positive thinking works and changes your life in every aspect.

IQ Test for Computer Science(CS) students

This test was developed and used in Japan for job and university IQ tests Mainly used in the IT sector. This test is solved in around 15mins (in Japan)

Let's see can you get every one on the other side? 

The RULES are as follows:

1, Only two people can travel at once 

2, Daddy can not stay with the girls without the presence of the mother

3, Mum cant stay with the boys without the presence of the father

4, The arrested red-hair girl in stipy outfit cannot stay with any of the family members 

5, Only the Police officer and the parents can drive the boat across the river 

Click on the people you want to transport

To use the boat click on the red dots next to the boat 

Download IQ test HERE

Sorting In C++

 Sorting means arranging a set of data in some order. There are different methods that are used to sort the data in ascending order. Some of the methods are  

  Selection sort 

  Bubble sort 

  Insertion sort

1.Selection sort

  Here, to sort the data in ascending order, the 0th element is compared with all other elements. If it is greater than the compared element then they are interchanged. So after the first iteration smallest element is placed at the 0th position. The same procedure is repeated for the 1st element and so on.  

   

2.Bubble sort

  Here, to sort the data in ascending order, 0th element is compared with the 1st element. If it is greater than the 1st element then they are interchanged else remains same. Then 1st element is compared with 2nd element and procedure is continued. So after the first iteration largest element is placed at the last position. In the second iteration, the comparisons are made till the last but one position and now second largest element is placed at the second last position. After all the iterations, the list becomes sorted. 

 3.Insertion sort

  Here, sorting takes place by inserting a particular element at the appropriate position. To sort the element in ascending order, in first iteration,1st element is compared with the 0th element. In the second iteration 2nd element is compared with 0th and 1st element. In general, in every iteration an element is compared with all the elements before it. While comparing if it is found that the element in question can be inserted at a suitable position, then space is created for it by shifting the other element one position to the right and inserting the element at the suitable position. This procedure is repeated for all the elements in the list.

Download the sample Program Here

int main() And void main() - Differeance!

We’ve been brought up with many different variations of this popular function. Some books/teachers like to write it as “int main”, some write it as “void main” and then there are some who make do with just “main”, forgoing the return type altogether. So, which one out of them is correct? Or does it even make a difference?

The answer to the 2nd question is “YES”. It makes a whole world of difference as in it could:
» do nothing
» or give you a compile time warning
» or crash the program
» or cause problems in your invocation environment

Now, we go back to the first question. Which is the correct form and why?
The answer is “int main” is the correct type for C++.
But for C, it is a bit tricky and I’d say “int main” is the recommended way.
The simple reasoning is “because the C and C++ standards say so”. (See this however, which is what is leads to a bit of confusion though and makes it implementation dependent in c)

But lets take a brief look at the practical reasons for this because you might wonder “My compiler doesn’t give me a warning for void main, so why should I care?” (If your compiler does that, then its time to switch to something else. Did I hear you are using a Microsoft compiler? ).

There is something called “startup code” (more on this soon) which is what runs first when you start your program, sets things up (e.g. initializes stack, heap, .bss etc) and then calls “main”. Now, generally this start up code expects main to return an integer value and place it onto stack. Now, if we don’t return anything (in void main’s case), it will still take something in its place, which you don’t have any control of. e.g. If this startup code expects the value to be in a certain range, it will crash if it sees something out of it. Or imagine if the caller function pops off an int from the stack but our main never put anything into it, it would screw up the stack for good. (Ever saw segfaults on a program that runs fine but crashes while exiting)

Moreover, if you are running a script that makes its basis upon such a program, a garbage value will be returned to it leading to unknown consequences.

End Note: Some would say that leaving out the type altogether and just writing “main” should be the way to go because the return type of such functions is automatically assumed to be int by the compiler. However, this is not correct because the standard does not define an intended behaviour for this and this is totally compiler dependent and hence it is not reliable.

Please post your comments about this article or if there is something that I missed out on. Also let us know if there is something in particular that you’d want us to talk about.

© Safer Code

How to Become a Programmer

You can become a computer programmer by going to college to study computer science or management information systems and beginning an entry level computer programmer job after college. However, if you cannot afford to spend years in college before you begin your programming career, you can learn programming from experienced developers or teach yourself computer programming using affordable textbooks, training courses and or coaching programs. While you are on your way to becoming a programmer you need to think about what programming languages and platforms you are going to learn. Consider learning: C#, C++, Visual Basic.Net, ASP.Net, Java, Perl, SQL and HTML. In this article I will show you how to become a computer programmer without the benefits of a traditional computer science college education.

Do I Need a College Degree To Get a Programming Job?

Programmers have the skill set of being organized, creative, persistent, analytical, paying attention to detail, communicating effectively, thinking logically, and using deductive reasoning. If you have some of those skills then you are already on your way to becoming a computer programmer. Do you love solving problems or like to know how things work? You may already have the mind set of a computer programmer already and you didn’t know it. Assuming that you have some of that mindset, let’s look at how you can translate that into a computer programming job. It’s really not that difficult because you can get hired in today’s programming job market without a college degree. This is because when it comes to programming, employers put more emphasis on your ability to write good quality code than your educational credentials. Many programmers have taken advantage of this to forgo college and focus on developing their programming skills to the best of their ability. This is why the term practice makes perfect is true in software development careers. You see, you need lots of practice in order to write good quality code that employers are interested in paying for. When I started learning programming more than a decade ago, I didn’t go out immediately and invest money on development tools, instead I downloaded free compliers and IDE’s (Integrated Development Environment) and you can too! There are free editions of Visual Basic.Net, C#, C++ and SQL Server to get you going in your programming career. Next, put the effort into writing useful software or web applications. You will learn a lot about design, adding software features, taking requests from users, business analysis, project management, requirements analysis, coding and debugging that way. 

Do You Have What Companies Are Searching For?

So, you have prepared a resume, sent it over to hiring managers and are now getting ready for your technical interviews. Have you thought about what those employers are looking for? It’s essential to your programming career to be able to answer that question. In the programming job market, employers want to see that you can apply your skills to real business problems. They are looking for competent software development skills and to see if you can write good maintainable code. 

Learn a Top Paying Computer Programming Skill and Get a Tech Job Easily
In any job market, no matter what type of job you are trying to get, having knowledge and experience with a particular skill can get you a job relating to that skill. Programming is not any different, if you have working knowledge of programming and experience programming you can get a job programming. Knowledge of programming can be gained from many sources. College is the first source that comes to mind, but the alternatives are to learn programming on your own or from a subject matter expert. Now days, you can read up on just about anything on the internet and it’s free; but you should probably invest in many different programming books that go into more detail so you can advance your skill level. Programming experience doesn’t strictly have to be from a previous job you have had. You can gain experience working with software development tools or from hands on training.

How to Begin a Software Development Career after High School?

You can get a programming job without a college degree and here’s how. You will need to communicate your programming knowledge and development experience. Knowledge and experience is the key. Show your prospective employer that you have just as much knowledge as the guy who did go to college and go into the specifics about the applications you have built using software development tools. Talk about the problems you ran into when building an application and how you solved the problems. Do all that you can to show your prospective employer that even without a college degree you are an asset to anyone who hires you!

I encourage you to read the book "The Street Smart Guide to Computer Programmer Careers" http://www.becomeacomputerprogrammer.com/. It will show you how to learn programming fast, prepare your resume, prepare for technical job interviews and how to gain the experience that keeps your career moving forward

Author: Kingsley

How to Learn Programming!!

Programming is a very advanced computing skill that involves designing, debugging, and testing programs. Programmers create the backbone of every computer program available on the market today through lines and compilations of code. An expert computer programmer may make the job look easy, but it can be quite time-consuming and even frustrating at times to come up with a program that works without a hitch. Whether it's basic programming or advanced coding and compilation, programming skills are essential if you want to keep up with the fast pace of computer technology.


Learn a Programming Language

All programs are designed and built with a programming language. Many programmers are skilled with multiple language, although it helps to focus your knowledge and skills on one or two specific programming languages. Here are some of the most common programming languages you should learn:

BASIC is one of the oldest high-level programming languages available today. BASIC is somewhat complicated, although it is commonly used to introduce beginners to essential skills in programming. 
C++ is an upgraded, easy-to-use version of C. C++, also known as "C with Classes," was developed to compensate for the difficulty and relatively slow speed of the original C code. 
Java is a very common object-oriented programming language for the World Wide Web. Java has the advantage of being one of the few languages that can turn out programs that can run on any computer anywhere in the world. 
Pascal is a mathematics-oriented programming language used in many fields like engineering and education. While Pascal has fallen out of favor for many programmers, Pascal is a very influential programming language where many concepts for today's programming languages are derived from. 
Perl is a high-level programming language specifically designed for Web applications and the handling of text-based files and compilations of code. Perl is considered one of the most flexible and adaptable programming languages in the world today. 
Visual Basic is one of the most common programming languages, and is very easy to learn. Visual Basic makes it easier to write programs and compile code because of its graphical user interface.

Brush Up on Mathematics

When learning how to program, it's very important for you to brush up on advanced mathematical skills and concepts. A lot about computer programming involves relationships with certain elements of code, which involves a lot of mathematical modeling. Most computer programming degrees incorporate fields like mathematical analysis and calculus into the curriculum.

Buy or Build a Powerful Computer

Entry-level computers do not have the power and performance necessary for programming. While expert programmers can create programs on low-end computers, it takes a very long time to compile and test the code on a slow machine. If you're serious about pursuing computer programming, you need to invest in a powerful desktop or laptop that can fit the high-end demands of the most powerful and complex programming languages out there.

Read Programming Books and Manuals

Books and manuals provide step-by-step instructions for beginners and advanced programmers alike to get around the technical aspects of computer programming. For you to be able to learn programming well, you have to buy or borrow books about the specific programming language you're using. You can also download convenient manuals and books in PDF from the Internet, if you're more comfortable with them. The "Help" file of a computer programming language does not contain the information you need to learn everything about the language, outside of books and manuals.

Study Code

Another way to learn programming is to study codes from good programs and sample tutorial codes from the Internet. Like any other language, you learn programming by doing. Take the time to read and analyze good examples of computer code, and understand the relationships between all the elements of the code. Follow the examples set by the sample code to get your practice programs and actual programs running perfectly.

Programming may seem complicated, but with enough practice and knowledge, it becomes simpler for every line of code. With these tips to help you get started in the world of programming, a few lines of code can be the start of a great new program.

by Monster Guide

Introductory guide to Pointers in C

1. Introduction

C is a very powerful programming language that are used by many software developers to develop different kinds of software. However, for a beginner, C is a rather difficult language to grasp. Much of the difficulties in learning C comes from the confusion over the concept of pointers. In this article, I shall explain the concept of pointers with the help of some code snippets. 


2. Pointers, Addresses and Variables 

A pointer is a variable that holds a memory address.

It is important to differentiate between a pointer, the address that the pointer holds, and the value at the address held by the pointer. This is the source of much of the confusion about pointers. We will illustrate this in the following code snippets:

int nVariable = 5; int *pPointer = &nVariable; 

The first statement declares a variable "nVariable" of type integer and assigns a value 5 to it.

The second statement declares a pointer variable that holds the address of an integer, and assigns the address of the variable "nVariable" to it.

So let just imagine the memory is a set of lockers. Each of these lockers has a locker number assigned to it for identification purposes. The first statement will do something like reserving the locker number "1234", and put the value "5" into this locker. The second statement will do something like reserving the locker number "4321", and then put the value "1234" into the locker. So the locker number "4321" is actually storing the locker number of the locker that stores the value "5".


3. Indirection

The term "Indirection" refers to the method of accessing the value at the address held by a pointer.

The indirection operator (*) is also called the dereference operator. The following code snippets in C++ shall illustrate this method:

int nVariable = 5; int *pPointer = &nVariable; printf("The output is %d", *pPointer);

The output of the code snippets will be the number "5". Remember that "pPointer" is a pointer variable that holds the address of the variable "nVariable". Notice that we use "*pPointer" to assess the value hold by the variable "nVariable", and this is what we call "Indirection".


4. Conclusion

This article aims to provide a simple guide to understanding the concept of pointers, addresses and variables in C. Readers are assumed to have some basic knowledge in C.

by Dennis Chang

Why do you need to cast a variable?

In a general computer programming scenario, there are many data types on the basis of the kind of data they store and the overall visibility of the variables throughout the program modules. Accordingly, there are multiple data types viz. integers, long integers, doubles, strings, characters, as well as variables that are constant, private, friend and global variables. Each data type has its own particular memory requirement, which naturally varies depending upon the nature of values it stores and the domain of its visibility.


In any typical web development project in India, it is but natural for Indian developers to pay attention to the judicious use of memory and achieve optimum efficiency at it. The objective is to use minimum memory.


Also, during web development in India, software professionals need to write stored procedures and SQL queries that need to have variable value in a specific data type only to be run successfully. As a result, programmers use Cast and Convert functions to achieve conversion between data types.


While casting a variable and converting a variable sort of achieves the same result, casting has wider applicability and use than convert. While convert function is limited to SQL, Casting variables pertains to ANSI standard and can be incorporated across various databases, extending more flexibility to the programmers during web and software development.


In fact, casting a variable is a typical feature in most computer programming languages wherein a particular type of variable is reassigned a new variable type so as to facilitate a typical programming situation. As and when a developer implements the feature of casting a variable during web & software development, it is told to the computer to use a different type of variable to store the value of the variable. For example, a software developer may encounter a situation during web and software development; where in a short integer must store a decimal value. Under the circumstances, the programmer would cast the short integer into a long integer data type or a double data type to be able to store values larger than +32,767.

Who Can Program Better Than You?

In the old time when people used to program in difficult languages no one ever though to join the class as the lessons were similar to trying to think of counting the sand particles in the Sea.

Now look what is happening in them Markets, in the Industry and even with Private, Businesses. 

Any programming language is earning a red carpet as the demand to design, strategize and manage the overall activities in the World Market. So where are those who are willing to learn the language gone? When I started learning my first programming language I made one mistake that 

I may never forget. I had no Interest! 

Interest is the drive to learning any programming language that you have heard on this world. Interest makes you want to get that code written down and see how it works out, in the same way you get the heat to get your code in place after having an idea while in bed that you wake up whatever time it may be.

The secret to program lies in you. You know why? You might have chatted on the net and someone happened to tell you that he is good is slamming down PCs, or any one you find in the streets brags how good they are when it comes to programming. But give them a paper and a pencil, they begin to sweat blood. These clearly show that there is love for programming but few know how to tap it.

You have to realize that programming is learning a new language all together. The only difference is that the time frame of understanding depends on you. The spirit you put in the learning and the will all depend on how long you will start making the smallest application. I remember when I was learning, my classmate was like he was born with the programming language in his blood. He fell in love with the technical writing of the language, he would narrate of how he feels relieved when he sits on his desk and builds an application the same way a kid would build a house from light blocks. That the trick! You get bound to the styles, rules, conditions, the format mention them. 

Try it now, give yourself a one week trial and discover what you can do. The power comes out of your finger tips. To lighten your burden let other know what blocks you and get to know how others made it.

By Walker

Fifth-Generation Programming Language - A Revolution in Software Programming

The ever evolving computer programming language has climbed ever higher echelons with the development of the '5 GL' or the Fifth Generation Programming Language. In 5 GL programming a graphical or visual interface is used to create the source language which is then further refined by using language compilers of either the third or forth generation programming. Companies like IBM, Microsoft and Borland design products based on 5GL programming for developing Java based applications. 5 GL language programming makes it easy for developers to envision an object oriented class hierarchy and drag and drop icons thereby assembling program components.


What separates the 5 GL from its predecessors is, it instead of using an algorithm or code uses 'constraints' to solve problems. Most logic and constraint based programming languages fall under the 5 GL umbrellas. While 4 GL programming languages are designed to work on specific programs, thereby creating the need to generate separate series of codes to solve different problems, fifth generation languages allows the computer to independently work on a given program without the assistance of a separate set of code, created specifically for the purpose.


This allows the software development consulting programmer to concentrate only on making certain conditions meet and solving a certain type of problems without worrying too much about implementing an algorithm or routine to solve the program. Artificial Intelligence as a field of study has received a huge boost after the development of the fifth generation programming language.


Software development companies who offer software development consulting have to constantly stay abreast with the latest developments in the field of 5 GL. Some software development companies also initiate in-house research and developmental projects to work out ways to make this path breaking technology more versatile and practical.


Software development services have indeed come a long way from what it used to be. While the earlier programming languages are still in vogue, they are rapidly being replaced by 5 GL. Companies offering software development services that want to retain their clients have to rapidly expand their technical know-how to make 5 GL and accompanying programming languages a part of their overall service package.